Sept. 13, 2005
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Publications on 3D Geographical Information Systems :


BibTeX references.

Hierarchical Spatial Reasoning: A GeoComputation Method

Adrijana Car
Proc. of the 3rd International Conference on GeoComputation, University of Bristol, U.K., Sept. 1998.

Web link: http://www.geocomputation.org/1998/18/gc_18.htm

Hierarchical Spatial Reasoning: Theoretical Consideration and its Application to Modeling Wayfinding

Adrijana Car
Vol. 10, GeoInfo Series, Frank, A.U., & Haunold, P., eds.,
Department of Geoinformation, Technical University Vienna, Austria, 1997.

Web link: http://www.geoinfo.tuwien.ac.at/geoinfo/


Emergency Response After 9/11: The Potential of Real-Time 3D GIS for Quick Emergency Response in Micro-Spatial Environments

Mei-Po Kwan and Jiyeong Lee
Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 29(2), pp. 93-113, 2005.

Abstract

Terrorist attacks at the World Trade Center (WTC) in New York City and the Pentagon on September 11, 2001, not only affected multi-level structures in urban areas but also impacted upon their immediate environment at the street level in ways that considerably reduced the speed of emergency response. In this paper, we examine the potential of using real-time 3D GIS for the development and implementation of GIS-based Intelligent Emergency Response Systems (GIERS) that aim at facilitating quick emergency response to terrorist attacks on multi-level structures (e.g. multi-story office buildings). We outline a system architecture and a network data model that integrates the ground transportation system with the internal conduits within multi-level structures into a navigable 3D GIS. We examine important implementation issues of GIERS, especially the need for wireless and mobile deployment. Important decision support functionalities of GIERS are also explored with particular reference to the application of network-based shortest path algorithms. Finally, we present the results of an experimental implementation of an integrated 3D network data model using a GIS database of Franklin County, Ohio (USA). Our study shows that response delay within multi-level structures can be much longer than delays incurred on the ground transportation system, and GIERS have the potential for considerably reducing these delays.

Key Words: Emergency response; Intelligent GIS; 3D GIS; Spatial decision support systems; Micro-spatial environments




A Spatial Access-Oriented Implementation of a 3-D GIS Topological Data Model for Urban Entities

Jiyeong Lee
 Geoinformatica, Vol.8, no. 3, pp. 237-264, Sept. 2004.

Abstract

3-D analysis in GIS is still one of the most challenging topics for research. With the goal being to model possible movement within the built environment, this paper, therefore, proposes a new approach to handling connectivity relationships among 3-D objects in urban environments in order to implement spatial access analyses in 3-D space. To achieve this goal, this paper introduces a 3-D network data model called the geometric network model (GNM), which has been developed by transforming the combinatorial data model (CDM), representing a connectivity relationship among 3-D objects using a dual graph. For the transformation, this paper presents (1) an O(n2) algorithm for computing a straight medial axis transformation (MAT), (2) the processes for transforming phenomena from 3-D CDM to 3-D GNM, and (3) spatial access algorithms for the 3-D geometric network based upon the Dijkstra algorithm. Using the reconstructed geometric network generated from the transformations, spatial queries based upon the complex connectivity relationships between 3-D urban entities are implemented using Dijkstra algorithm. Finally, the paper presents the results of an experimental implementation of a 3-D network data model (GNM) using GIS data of an area in downtown Columbus, Ohio.


3D Data Model for Representing Topological Relations of Urban Features

Jiyeong Lee
Proceedings of 21st Annual ESRI International User Conference, San Diego, CA. 2001.

http://gis.esri.com/library/userconf/proc01/professional/papers/pap565/p565.htm


Exploitation of 3D Georeferenced Datasets in a GIS

F. Leymarie
Proc. International Workshop on "HPCN Exploitation of Multimedia Databases",
Ispra, Italy, European Commission - JRC, n° EUR 17349 EN, pp.10-29.
Keynote speaker. March 1997.

Applications of Virtual Reality:

CyberMonument & CyberCity

Frederic Leymarie and Michael Gruber

3rd European Digital Cities Conference
December 1 & 2, 1997
Berlin, Germany

Web link : http://www.lems.brown.edu/~leymarie/cybercity/

Abstract

The part of the world population living in cities keeps growing. Within the next 20 years, it is expected that more than 50% of the people will live in densely populated urban areas (close to 75% in industrialised countries). The associated continuous growth of the « built environment » (buildings, houses, road and energy networks, transit systems, etc.) should benefit from new Information Technologies (IT) and in particular Virtual and Augmented Realities, i.e., the making of virtual 3D spaces and objects that mimics or complement reality as we normally apprehend it through our sense of vision. Such virtual scenery shall permit to better plan, design, engineer and deliver the needed evolutions of the built environment. Noticeably, the present day economical impact of construction of the built environment is formidable: it represents close to half of the capital investment in most of the Member States of the European Union.

The 3D digital reconstruction of the built environment will benefit from advances made in the (semi-)automatic exploitation of image data (such as aerial and ground-based video recordings). Such imagery can be used not solely to recover the geometry of the built environment but also the (photo-)textures of the surfaces making this scenery. The realistic and faithful 3D models thus recovered will find application in diverse fields such as architecture, urban planning, video games and simulators. Furthermore, once this correspondence between geometry and photometry is established, the modelling can be made even more sophisticated by recovering material properties such as electromagnetic reflectance functions. This shall open-up the door to applications in fields such as cellular phone communication planning in urban areas, or illumination modelling of buildings.

In this presentation we will discuss potential applications of virtual reality via the introduction of two complementary interactive multimedia information systems we call CyberMonument and CyberCity:

=> A CyberMonument provides access and use of tools for authoring and distributing multi-dimensional and multimedia databases of interiors and exteriors of (famous) architectural sites such as historical buildings, monuments, cathedrals, etc.

=> A CyberCity provides authoring and database management tools for photo-realistic visits and tele-use of large and complex 3D urban multimedia databases in a pan-European telematics context.

The new IT required to produce CyberMonuments and CyberCities are now being developed by leaders of the industry and academic worlds. We have already achieved some prototype demonstrations which we illustrate in this paper. The application of such new tools in the context of VR or AR shall permit in particular to better tackle the growing complexities of urban planning in the European metropolis of tomorrow.



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